Advanced Life Support In Obstetrics

The Professional Nursing Career

Nursing is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families and communities in attaining, re-attaining and maintaining optimal health and functioning. Modern definitions of nursing define it as a science and an art that focuses on promoting quality of life as defined by persons and families, throughout their life experiences from birth to care at the end of life.

In pre-modern times, nuns and the military often provided nursing services. The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today. For example, in Britain, senior female nurses are known as “Sisters”. In recent times in the US and Canada many nurses are flowing back into working in a “religious” field through “Parish Nursing”. These nurses work within a church community to perform health education, counseling, provide referrals to community support agencies, and connect volunteers from the church community with those in need of assistance.

Nurses acknowledge that the nursing profession is an essential part of the society from which it has grown. The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. The practice of nursing involves altruistic behavior, is guided by nursing research and is governed by a code of ethics.

Nursing continues to develop a wide body of knowledge and associated skills. There are a number of educational paths to becoming a professional nurse but all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice and training in clinical skills.

In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law and entrance to the profession is regulated by national, state, or territorial boards of nursing.

The American Nurses’ Association (1980) has defined nursing as “the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.” Just as medical diagnoses help in the planning, implementing, and evaluation of medical care, Nursing diagnoses help in the planning, implementing, and evaluation of nursing care.

Like other maturing disciplines, nursing has developed different theories that are aligned with diverging philosophical beliefs and paradigms or worldviews. Nursing theories help nurses to direct their activities in order to accomplish specific goals with people. Nursing is a knowledge based discipline committed to the betterment of humankind. Nursing has not only developed into a profession, but an art as well.

Nursing is the most diverse of all healthcare professions. It is a universal role appearing in some form in every culture.

Nursing may be divided into different specialties or classifications. In the U.S., there are a large number of specialties within nursing. Professional organizations or certifying boards issue voluntary certification in many of these areas.

These specialties encompass care throughout the human lifespan based upon patient needs. Many nurses who choose a specialty become certified in that area, signifying that they possess expert knowledge of the specialty. There are over 200 nursing specialties and sub-specialties. Certified nurses often earn a salary differential over their non-certified colleagues, and studies from the Institute of Medicine have demonstrated that specialty certified nurses have higher rates of patient satisfaction, as well as lower rates of work-related errors in patient care.

Nurses practice in a wide range of settings from hospitals to visiting people in their homes and caring for them in schools to research in pharmaceutical companies. Nurses work in occupational health settings (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-run clinics, long-term care facilities, and camps. Nurses work on cruise ships and in military service. They act as advisors and consultants to the healthcare and insurance industries. Some nurses are attorneys and others work with attorneys as legal nurse consultants, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. In many cities, nurses can even enter their names in a “registry” and work a wide variety of temporary jobs.

In the modern world, there are a large number of specialities within nursing:

Ambulatory care nursing

Advanced practice nursing

Behavioral health nursing

Camp nursing

Cardiac nursing

Cardiac catheter laboratory nursing

Case management

Clinical nurse specialist

Clinical research nurse

Community health nursing

Correctional nursing

Critical care nursing

Developmental disabilities nursing

District nursing

Emergency nursing

Environmental Health nursing

Flight nursing

Forensic nursing

Gastroenterology nursing

Genetics nursing

Geriatric nursing

Health visiting

Hematology oncology nursing

HIV/AIDS nursing

Home health nursing

Hospice nursing

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Nursing

Intavenous therapy nursing

Infectious disease nursing

Legal nursing

Legal Nurse Investigator

Maternal-child nursing

Medical-surgical nursing

Military and uniformed services nursing, including Public Health Service

Neonatal nursing

Neuro-surgical nursing

Nurse anesthetist

Nurse-midwife

Nurse practitioner

Nursing educator

Nursing informatics

Nursing management

Obstetrics gynecology nursing

Occupational health nursing

Oncology nursing

Operating room nursing

Orthopaedic nursing

Ostomy nursing

Pain management and palliative care nursing

Pediatric nursing

Perianesthesia nursing

Perioperative nursing

Plastic and reconstructive surgical nursing

Private duty nursing

Psychiatric or mental health nursing

Public health

Pulmonary nursing

Quality improvement

Radiology nursing

Rehabilitation nursing

Renal dialysis nursing

Renal nursing

Research

School nursing

Sub-acute nursing

Substance abuse nursing

Tele-medicine nursing

Telemetry nursing

Telephone triage nursing

Transplantation nursing

Travel nursing

Urology nursing

Utilization management

Wound care

Professional organizations or certifying boards issue voluntary certification in many of these specialties.

Nursing assistant skills are the set of learned tasks used in helping residents or patients with activities of daily living (ADLs) and providing bedside care–including basic nursing procedures–under the supervision of a Registered Nurse (RN) or Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN).

In today’s hospitals and extended care facillities a nurse assistant is an important part of a healthcare team that includes many personnel outside of nurses. In the quest to make a profit from providing care many hospitals in the United States have reduced their nurse to patient ratios, requiring one nurse to take care of as many as twelve or fourteen patients at a time. In order for good care to be provided to those patients a nurse assistant is needed to provide the routine care so that the nurse can focus on tasks only he/she can do, such as care plans, nursing assessments, administering medication, and assist in surgery room preparation. The nurse assistant must not only be very skilled in the actual procedures being performed but must also be able to make quick observations of a patient’s condition and report that information back to the nurse. Since the nurse cannot spend large amounts of time in the room with the patient, the nurse assistant is known as the nurse’s “eyes and ears”.

A nurse assistant must also have a strong grasp of emergency procedures and be able to stay calm in stressful situations. They must be able to initiate a Code Blue and be well-drilled in CPR.

Don’t Dissolve English In Adrenaline—– A Biometric Perception

Don’t dissolve English in adrenaline—– A biometric perception Professor Dr.S.Elangovan. PT Lee College of Engg & Tech, Kanchipuram

 

Abstract

English language is a bull to the non native speakers like their domesticated one and as such they should take the bull by the horns. Language learning is so much fun and not formidable. Man is the master of the language and language is not the master of the man.. If one wants to become proficient in English, he must become the “Linguistic Dictator. In this regard Biometrics comes handy to diagnose the fear psychosis which is needless. Biometrics is the recognition process based on one or more intrinsic anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics. Recently, computational bio-electrography based on gas discharge visualization (GDV) technique has been proposed as one of the biometrics tools for investigating physiological and psycho-emotional functional states of an individual. In this paper, we present an application of computational biometrics based GDV for visual and quantitative evaluation of anxiety in the process of learning English as a Second Language (ESL). The integration of biometrics in the education paradigm has been investigated in a pilot study involving foreign students enrolled in the ESL course at the ESL Institute, VIT University. We measured the electro- photonic emission (also called GDV-grams) of students’ fingertips before and after language activities, specifically listening comprehension tasks and showed that the anxiety index in listening comprehension paradigm corresponds to the increase of entropy level of left hand corresponding to the right hemisphere. Our pilot data confirms the recent findings of correlation of right hemisphere involvement in second language acquisition at the level of language proficiency. Thus, computational biometrics based GDV tool may be used to evaluate and potentially identify anxiety present in ESL learners.

Key Words

Adrenaline, English, take the bull by the horns, Biometrics, Bio-electrography, GDV technique, Anxiety, ESL, Entropy, Right hemisphere

1. Introduction

Biometrics is an automated process of recognizing the individual features based on one or more intrinsic anatomy, physiology and psychological characteristics. A typical biometric system is comprised of 5 components: a sensor, signal processing algorithms, data storage, a matching algorithm and a decision process. The purposes of the biometric models are recognition, identification and verification. Recognition is knowledge of a previously enrolled individual; identification is the process of determining the identity of an individual, where as verification is a process by which the system confirms the

 

existence of an individual. The biometric models existing nowadays are based on fingerprint, face, iris, voice, signature, hand geometry, palm and vascular pattern recognition, performance evaluation and novel sensors [1;

2]. For example, the palm and fingerprint models combine ridge flow, ridge characteristics and a ridge structure of the raised portion of the epidermis. Vascular pattern recognition models use near-far infrared light reflected or transmitted images of blood vessels of a hand or finger for personal recognition. Dynamic models use anatomic and behavioral characteristics for recognition purposes [3]. There exist other biometric models that are based on speaker recognition, dynamic signature measures, key stroke dynamics, retina recognition, gate/body recognition and facial thermography.

The main areas of biometrics applications can be classified into the following four groups: 1) Medical biometrics, which is related to the use of biometrics in medical applications such as medical diagnosis and is based on the extraction of biomedical pattern and its association to possible diseases; 2) Forensic biometrics, which refers to the use of biometrics for criminal and body identification; 3) Convenience biometrics, which is related to maintaining the convenience level during the use of biometric services, 4) Security biometrics to reduce frauds and control the access to restricted areas [4].

Computational bio-electrography has been recently proposed and used as a promising method for complex evaluation of the functional state of an individual using the fingertips and electro-photonic emission in a high intensity electromagnetic field [5]. The method involves capturing and analyzing the electro-photonic emission of fingertips using an electro-photonic impulse analyzer based on gas discharge visualization technique (GDV) [5]. Several studies tried to determine what exactly forms the fluorescent glow (also called GDV-grams) around fingertips. Krizhanovsky et al. [6] determined that the human central nervous system plays a crucial role in the formation of skin glow in a high intensity electromagnetic field. The ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) molecule acts as a neurotransmitter in the autonomous neuromuscular junctions, the ganglia and the central nervous system. Therefore, in case of normal operation of the organism,

 

 

 

the ATP diffusion exchange (and the electron stream) must be regular, thus ensuring the regularity and uniformity of the fluorescence (glow) that occurs during the interaction of the skin (i.e. of a finger) with the high intensity electromagnetic field. Another study conducted by Williams [7] claims that specific structural-protein complexes within the mass of the skin provide channels of heightened electron conductivity, measurable at acupuncture points on the skin surface. Stimulated impulse emissions from the skin are also developed mainly by transport of delocalized electrons. Optical emissions amplified in gaseous discharge, are registered by optical sensors in the electro-photonic impulse analyzer [7]. The areas of application of GDV technique include medicine, sports, psychology and cognitive study. The correlation of GDV data and the data obtained from the other diagnostic devices showed that GDV is a very fast, at the same time, accurate real-time diagnosis technique [8-12].

The GDV technique has been successfully used in psychology and cognitive studies mainly to assess the psycho-emotional state of an individual and evaluate the changes that take place in a human organism over a period of time. Based on GDV parameters such as form and size of electro-photonic emission, symmetry and relationship of the captured image with the rest of the GDV-grams of all fingertips, the presence or absence of aggressive signs and defects with the organs/organ systems can be predicted and hence it becomes possible to conclude about the functional state of an individual at the moment of study [13; 14].

Second language learning is a process by which a person learns a language in addition to his/her native language. English is the current lingua franca for communication in the modern era of globalization and has been widely studied for adaptation as an international language [15]. In the United States of America, a majority of the population speak English as their native language. International students usually experience cultural shock when they are exposed to a native English environment, such as the United States, and it takes time for them to overcome the language barriers. It has been demonstrated that native English speakers perform significantly better than non-native English speakers in all the major subtests (on Writing, Reading and Listening) of an English Language Proficiency test [16]. The relatively poor performance of non-native speakers of English is mainly attributed to anxiety, which is a prominently documented psychological phenomenon in second language learning. It has been recently reported that one third to one half of international students experience debilitating levels of anxiety while performing in their second language [17].

The anxiety phenomenon in the field of second language learning has been the focus point of different

 

studies and research projects. It has been established that (i) anxiety can occur at any stage of language acquisition and can influence speed and accuracy of learning, (ii) language anxiety can be one of the predictors of language proficiency, (iii) learners with higher language anxiety avoid interactive communication more often than less anxious learners, (iv) anxiety arousal can negatively influence the communication output as it can be interrupted by the “freezing up” moments which learners experience when they are anxious, (v) language learning under anxious circumstances can become traumatic to the identity of a learner [18]. Young [19; 20] determined several aspects as potentially interrelated sources of anxiety from the perspective of the learner, the teacher and instructional process. Therefore, he claims that the possible causes of anxiety may be (i) personal and interpersonal anxiety, (ii) learner beliefs about language learning, (iii) instructors beliefs about language teaching, (iv) instructor-learner interactions, (v) classroom procedure and (vi) language testing.

In this paper, we hypothesize that language activities such as listening comprehension, speaking, reading and writing may involve anxiety factor which can be quantified and visualized using the GDV method. The psycho-emotional aspects of language learning and performance, such as anxiety and stress, are manifested at the physiological level by increased sweating of palms and fingers and muscle tension. An electro-photonic impulse analyzer based on GDV can make use of these manifestations, especially those revealed through the fingertips, for quantifying and visualizing the anxiety level of an ESL (English as a Second Language) learner. The GDV technique is non-invasive and provides a real-time measurement of the signals of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system [21]. Thus, using this biometric model of GDV, one will be able to quantify and visualize unique biological features in psychological and physiological parameters pertaining to anxiety with respect to ESL learning. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the literature on relationship between learning English as a second language and anxiety. Section 3 provides an overview of the origin of computational bio-electrography based on the GDV technique and describes the actual procedure used to obtain the GDV-grams. We also describe the analysis of the GDV-grams using the built-in GDV software of the Electro-photonic impulse analyzer. Section 4 describes a pilot study, the first of its nature, which has been conducted by us to quantify and visualize the anxiety levels of the student learners of English as a second language at Jackson State University. Section 5 concludes the paper.

 

 

 

2. English as a Second Language and Anxiety

With the increase of popularity of English language in the world and its usage in almost all spheres of social, economic and cultural life, the need to learn English as a Second Language (ESL) has increased among the populace whose native language is other than English. The education goals pursued by non-native students in English speaking countries, like the United States of America, require certain level of English language proficiency which can be achieved through preparation and taking a TOEFL test. Some students have to start English study from the beginner’s level and advance slowly due to the peculiarities in their cultural background. For example, it has been established that English language learners from Confucian Heritage Cultures (CHCs), such as China, Korea and Japan, are more anxious when learning, performing and communicating in ESL [22]. It is a very challenging task for teachers and counselors in U.S. schools to address the specific needs of the students for whom English is not a native language.

Scovel [23] was the first to associate the inconsistency in second language learning with anxiety. Horwitz was the first to clearly define the concept of foreign language anxiety. Horwitz’s Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) was the major contribution to the field of second language learning and acquisition [24]. The major ways of anxiety measurement include behavioral observation, physiological assessment such as heart rates and blood pressure, learners’ self-report on their internal feelings and reactions as well as structured interviews, follow-up interviews and questionnaires [25; 26]. The negative relationship between anxiety and achievement or performance has been confirmed in several subsequent studies involving all four language skills: speaking [27-29], writing [30], reading [31] and listening [32; 33].

A student who suffers from reading anxiety can exhibit a variety of symptoms that result from the inhibition of their intellectual curiosity, aggression or independence. It has been shown [34] that (1) reading anxiety shows a stronger negative correlation with reading achievement compared to general anxiety; and (2) although general anxiety and reading anxiety correlate substantially, reading anxiety measures something beyond general anxiety. Listening anxiety is a type of anxiety that comes from listening to others, such as in a foreign language situation. Thus, listening anxiety may negatively influence the learning process and affect performance [35].

Foreign language learners typically experience considerable anxiety about taking listening tests. The results in [36] indicated that foreign language anxiety and listening anxiety are separate but related phenomena that both correlate negatively with achievement. An English

 

Writing Anxiety Scale was developed in [37] and it identified four contributing factors for writing anxiety in English: fear of writing tests, anxiety about making mistakes, fear of negative evaluation and low confidence in English writing. The results have showed that the scale has adequate psychometric properties. Another study [38] evaluated the anxiety of students over a ten year period, using FLCAS. The FLCAS scores measured the students’ perception about their language learning skills and showed that anxiety plays a primary role in performing and successfully accomplishing using a foreign/second language.

The first attempt [39] to use GDV technique in education was realized in the experiment to teach listening skills in English as a foreign language. The eyes of the student participants in this experiment were closed. The GDV technique was used to assess the functional state of the individuals and the biological dynamics in the process of perception and processing the information in English [39]. In 2007, Bulatova et. al. [40] reported the results of investigation of school children with GDV technique. According to the interpretation of the GDV-grams obtained in their studies, only 36% of children had normal psycho-emotional and physiological state; 42% have shown deficiency in electro-photonic emission and 17% were in a critical state. A positive correlation was found between the level of performance of the students and the results of GDV test. Children with deficiency in electro- photonic emission had lower performance level. Due to the active effort of psychologists, family, teachers and children themselves, over a five month period of counseling, regime, daily exercise and correct nutrition,

82% of children had their electro-photonic emission in the

normal range. This experience has established that GDV technique can be helpful in education process, mainly because of instant and real-time assessment of the functional state of an individual and also anxiety and stress that accompany a learning process. Taking cue from this research, we will employ the GDV method to identify the unique physiological and psycho-emotional signatures associated with anxiety in ESL learning process.

3. Computational Bio-electrography Based on Gas

Discharge Visualization Technique

The first world-wide discoveries of the phenomenon of bright fluorescence around human body in a high frequency electrical circuit belong to Nicola Tesla in 1880. The understanding of the significance of this discovery began in 1939 when Russian technician Semion Kirlian noticed the florescence around his fingers when repairing the high frequency equipment in the hospital. He and his wife Valentina investigated this “mysterious glow” till

1978 and it became famous under the name of “Kirlian

Photography”. During the 1980s, different approaches for

 

 

the applications of bio-electrographic technique in medicine were developed (e.g., by Dumitresku I. in Romania, Mandel P. in Germany, Milhomens N. in Brazil, Lerner A. in France, Oldfield H. in England, Konikevich A. in the USA and many others). Many books and research articles have been published on Kirlian Photography and statistical correlations with interesting observations worldwide. In 1995, the Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) technique, based on optical methods, modern electronics and computer processing of data, gave a new dimension to Kirlian Photography and lead to the foundation of a new scientific field called computational bio-electrography.

Figure 1: A Setup of the Electro-photonic Impulse

Analyzer Operated through a Laptop

Figure 2: Actual Procedure of Covering the Hand with a Black Cloth for EPE Capture

The GDV assessment of the functional state of an individual comprises of static snapshots (also called GDV- grams) of the electro-photonic emission (EPE) of the 5- fingers from each hand (a total of 10 finger EPE snapshots) which are collected with and without using filters on the glass surface of the Electro-photonic Impulse

 

Analyzer. The filter is a thin plastic film that prevents the direct contact of the skin of the fingertip on the glass surface of the analyzer. The rationale behind using the filter is to capture the EPE that represents the physiological parameters of the person; whereas, the EPE captured without using the filter represents the psycho- emotional parameters of the person. Figure 1 demonstrates a setup of the Electro-photonic Impulse Analyzer operated through a laptop and Figure 2 illustrates the actual procedure of covering the hand with a black cloth to prevent the penetration of light onto the glass surface. A GDV-camera underneath the electrodes captures the EPE (i.e., GDV-grams) of the fingertips placed on the glass surface of the analyzer.

 

Figure 3: Sample GDV-grams of the Thumb and Index Fingers on the Left and Right Hands illustrating the Different Sectors representing the Organ Systems and their Energy Coefficients (L – Left, R – Right)

 

 

 

Figure 4: A Sample GDV-diagram obtained using the static GDV-grams of the 10 fingertips

 

The electro-photonic impulse analyzer has an in-built GDV-software to analyze the GDV-grams. The GDV- software quantifies the activity status of the different organs/organ systems in the form of energy coefficients. The energy coefficient of an organ/ organ system in a GDV-gram is characteristic of the energy state (i.e., the activity) of the organ/ organ system and is obtained by normalizing the image to the standard GDV-grams. The GDV software that computes these numerical energy coefficients has been pre-calibrated with the standard GDV-grams collected from about 10,000 people with normal health. The range of the energy coefficient values for an organ/organ system in normal state is [-0.6, … ,

1.0]; whereas, the organs/organ systems with energy

coefficient values below -0.6 are said to be hypo- functional (low energy) and organs/organ systems with energy coefficient values greater than 1.0 are said to be hyper-functional (excess energy). Figure 3 illustrates the GDV-grams obtained for the (1) thumb and (2) index fingers on the left (L) and right (R) hands for a human subject. The energy status observed for the organs/organ systems has been visualized (in Figure 3) by highlighting their energy coefficient values in green, pink and yellow colors – representative of the normal, hypo-functional and hyper-functional states respectively.

Using the energy coefficients obtained from the GDV- grams of all of the fingertips from the left and right hands, the GDV-software constructs a GDV-diagram that presents a comprehensive view of the energy states of all

 

the organs/organs systems. The GDV-diagram of a person (a sample is shown in Figure 4) is represented using two curves (of red and blue color) and each of these curves is divided into different sectors whose radius correspond to the energy coefficient values observed for the sector. Each sector in the GDV-diagram is characteristic of a particular organ/organ system. The curve with the red color represents the GDV image taken without using the plastic filter and it captures the functionality of the organs/organ systems characteristic of the psycho-emotional status of an individual. The curve with the blue color represents the GDV image taken using the filter and it captures the functionality of the organs/organ systems characteristic of the physiological status of the individual. For better visualization of coefficient distribution, the circles are presented in three colors: pink, green and yellow corresponding to the levels below norm (i.e., hypo- functional), norm (normal) and above norm (hyper- functional) respectively.

In addition to static snapshots of the fingertips, one

could also collect dynamic GDV-grams to monitor the changes in the physiological and psycho-emotional states of a person while performing a particular activity. The dynamic GDV-grams can be used to monitor an individual over a period of time during certain activities such as watching a video, test, public speaking; investigate the psycho-physiological dynamics that may take place and correlate them with the content. The GDV-grams are a series of static snapshots of the fingertips collected at a

 

 

regular interval. In Figures 5 and 6, we show a sequence of GDV-grams (collected for every minute), illustrating the energy status changes of non-native and native speakers while watching a 3-minute movie in English. A visual interpretation of the two sets of GDV-grams indicates that the non-native speakers undergo serious changes in their energy states while watching a movie that affects their emotional anxiety, while there are no significant changes in the energy states of the native speakers watching the same movie.

Figure 5: Dynamic GDV-grams of a Non-native Speaker while Watching a Movie in English

Figure 6: Dynamic GDV-grams of a Native Speaker while Watching a Movie in English

4. Pilot Study of ESL Learning Process Using GDV Technique

Four international students of Turkish, Vietnamese and Chinese origin (right hand dominant) at the English as a Second Language Institute (ELSI), Jackson State University, volunteered to participate in our study. We have chosen to initially study auditory comprehension anxiety because of our conjecture that listening skill is the hardest to master in second language learning. Our hypothesis in this pilot study is that being non-native speakers, these individuals will have increased expression of anxiety associated with language tasks in English, especially with the listening comprehension section. All the students were enrolled in the medium level of English as a Second Language course at ELSI. The students signed the consent form in compliance with the human Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the purpose of the procedure was explained to them according to the guidelines of the human IRB. Seven individuals were recruited and participated in the first phase of GDV recordings; however, only four participants completed the experimental protocol. Three students did not show up because of lack of understanding of instructions given in English language.

We recorded two sets of the static images of electro-

photonic emission around the students’ fingertips in a high intensity electromagnetic field generated by electro-

 

photonic impulse analyzer, before and after the listening comprehension tasks.

 

Figure 7.1: Activation Coefficient for Student 1

 

Figure 7.2: Activation Coefficient for Student 2

 

Figure 7.3: Activation Coefficient for Student 3

 

Figure 7.4: Activation Coefficient for Student 2

Figure 7: The Distribution of the Activation Coefficient in the Four ESL Participants Before and After Taking the Listening Test

The recording of the images was done with and without filter. Two integral parameters, activation coefficient and integral entropy, were analyzed and were considered as potential indicators for the measure of anxiety of the student participants. According to Korotkov

 

 

 

[5], activation coefficient is an average of the absolute magnitude of difference of the energy coefficients of diagrams created using GDV images captured with and without filter taking corresponding dispersions.

The proposed 0-10 scale of anxiety based on the

activation coefficient is divided into four main parts: 0-2 (low level of anxiety), 2-4 (normal level of anxiety, 4-8 (high level of anxiety) and 8-10 (distress, altered state of consciousness). The activation coefficient of the four ESL participants before and after taking the listening comprehension test is shown in Figure 7. As seen in this figure, the activation coefficient of three of the four participants was high before the test and low after the test. The activation coefficient of these participants decreased from 5.37 to 4.66 (a 13% decrease), 2.43 to 2.12 (13% decrease) and 5.42 to 2.06 (62% decrease). For the fourth participant, the activation coefficient increased after the test (from 2.97 before the test to 3.28 after the test – 10% increase). We would expect the anxiety to go up after the listening comprehension activities. However, for 3 out of the 4 ESL participants, we do not observe an increase in the activation coefficient after the listening test.

 

Figure 8.1: Integral Entropy for Student 1

 

Figure 8.2: Activation Coefficient for Student 2

 

 

Figure 8.3: Integral Entropy for Student 3

 

Figure 8.4: Activation Coefficient for Student 4

Figure 8: The Distribution of the Integral Entropy in the Four ESL Participants Before and After Taking the Listening Test

Thus, the proposed anxiety scale 0-10 after Korotkov cannot be used for the evaluating anxiety in the ESL listening comprehension task, though we do not exclude the possibility of using the activation coefficient as a measure of evaluating anxiety for other language activities such as speaking, reading and writing.

On the other hand, the distribution of integral entropy

has shown very promising results. Integral entropy is a measure of the deviation from the physiological and psycho-emotional balance. The proposed scale of anxiety based on integral entropy is divided into four main parts:

0-1 (low level of anxiety), 1-2 (normal level of anxiety, 2-

4 (high level of anxiety) and > 4 (very high level of anxiety). As presented in Figure 8, the integral entropy level of all the four ESL participants, measured using the GDV-grams for the left hand corresponding to the right hemisphere of the human brain, increased after the test when compared to the values obtained before the test. The integral entropy level of the student participants increased from 1.77 to 2.08 (18% increase), 1.77 to 1.90 (7% increase), 1.73 to 2.06 (19% increase) and from 1.58 to

1.76 (11% increase). Hence, we contemplate on using integral entropy as a measure of the anxiety of learning English as a Second Language, at least for the listening tasks, vindicated by the results in our pilot study.

 

 

Our preference for integral entropy as a measure of anxiety is also justified by the following observations from the literature on Chaos/ Complexity Science and Second Language Acquisition [41] and the recent discovery in the literature that the right hemisphere is more involved in second language learners who are less familiar and less trained in the language [42].

According to Larsen-Freeman [41], language learning

is a dynamic, complex, open, self-organizing, feedback sensitive task, and is constrained by strange attractors. It is complex, because a multitude of interacting factors are involved in the ESL learning process. Learning new vocabulary is a nonlinear process, for example, the student can listen to the text with familiar words and feel comfortable in performance, but the moment the teacher introduces new words, rather than making progress, the student’s performance becomes less proficient, because after the introduction of new unfamiliar words, the system the student has constructed in his mind implodes. Therefore, orderly periods are very frequently followed by periods of chaos, especially when something new is introduced and students have to adjust a new content to their understanding and awareness. Order, eventually, can be restored through interaction with others. The integral entropy metric captures the fluctuations in the physiological and psycho-emotional parameters of the individual from an orderly status to a disorderly status and vice-versa.

The results of a very recent study demonstrated the significant difference between the proficiency level and hemisphere involvement in language processing. It has been shown that the right hemisphere of the human cerebrum is more involved and hence contributes to an increase in the entropy in second language learners with less experience and less training [42]. The results of our pilot study provide empirical evidence to the above finding and show that listening comprehension tasks in English as a Second Language activate functioning of the right hemisphere of the human brain, which is responsible for parsing and analyzing the semantic and phonetic characteristics of the language.

5 Conclusions and Future Work

Biometrics are used in the identification of unique features based on anatomical, physiological and psychological parameters of an individual. Computational Bio- electography based on GDV technique is a biometric tool to identify unique signatures expressed by individuals at physiological and psycho-emotional levels. Learning of English as a second language (ESL) is a process that is accompanied by anxiety, which can negatively influence the performance of students. In this paper, we have demonstrated the use of GDV to measure, quantify and

 

visualize the anxiety levels of ESL learners. We identify the integral entropy measured by GDV as the appropriate parameter to quantify and visualize the increase in anxiety. As observed from the results of our pilot study, the integral entropy of an ESL learner who has gone through a listening comprehension task increases by 7%-18%. Our conclusion of the use of integral entropy, based on the images collected from the left hand corresponding to the right hemisphere, is also substantiated by recent findings on EEG (Electro-encephalogram) synchronization in the literature. Thus, GDV as a biometric tool may be used to study anxiety associated with ESL learning and in other areas of education.

We anticipate that the integral entropy can also be used to capture the anxiety levels of ESL learners for other language activities such as reading, writing and speaking and this will be verified in our future work. As part of future work, we would also develop computational models that can identify unique biological signatures that are characteristic of the anxiety level of an ESL learner for a particular language activity.

References

[1] N. V. Ratha, V. Govindaraju (ed.s) Advances in

Biometrics –Sensors, Algorithms and Systems. Springer.

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[2] H. L Blitzer, K. Stein-Ferguson, J. Huang Understanding Forensic Digital Imaging. Elsevier. 2008. [3] www.biometrics.gov/Documents/BioOverview.pdf [4]www.griaulebiometrics.com/page/en-us/book

/understanding -biometrics

[5] K.G. Korotkov Human Energy Field: Study with GDV Bio-electrography. Backbone Publishing Co: Fair Lawn, NJ, USA, 2002.

[6] E. V. Krizhanovsky, S. A. Korotkina, K. G. Korotkov

Role of the Human Central Nervous System in the Formation of the Glow of the Skin in High Intensity Electromagnetic Field. In Proceedings of VIII International Scientific Congress on Bio- electrography, Saint Petersburg, 2004: 34-35.

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[8] L. V. Buyantseva, K. G. Korotkov, Q. Zhegmin, R.

Bascom, G. N. Ponomarenko. Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) Bio-electrography in patients with hypertension: pilot study. In Proceedings of conference “Measuring the Human Energy Field: State of Science”. National Institute of Health. Baltimore, MD, 2003:31-54

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N. A. Philippova, S. Zayzev, N. Magidov, I. Petrovsky. Analysis of the bio-electrograms of bronquial asthma patients. In Proceedings of conference “Measuring the Human Energy Field: State of Science”. National Institute of Health. Baltimore, MD, 2003:70-81

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GDV technique in obstetrics. In K. G Korotkov, editor. Measuring Energy Fields. Backbone Publishing Co: Fair Lawn 2004: 65-75

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Gas discharge visualization method in lung carcinoma monitoring during chemotherapy. Georgian Journal of Radiology. Tbilisi: 2003; 2 (15):53

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Diagnostics of psycho-physiological state of a human on the basis of GDV diagnostics. In Proceedings of XII International Scientific Congress on Bio- electrography, Saint Petersburg, 2008: 40-42

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Interpretation of psycho-emotional state of a human on the basis of GDV diagnostics. In Proceedings of XII International Scientific Congress on Bio- electrography, Saint Petersburg, 2008:43-46

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Language and Intercultural Communication, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 156 – 174, August 2009.

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2006:.308-328

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136, 1986.

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relation to reading and listening proficiency. Foreign Language Annals, 39, 276-295, 2006.

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[35] S. Yan Effects of Anxiety on Language Performance

and Suggestions for Improving Listening Teaching

CELEA Journal (Bimonthly), Vol.28, n1, 2005.

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31 No. 3,pp 81 – 107, 2008.

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Fadyushyna, A. E. Astafyeva, N. A. Sokolova The possibilities of application of GDV method in Education. In Proceedings of XIII International Scientific Congress on Bio-electrography, Saint Petersburg, 2009.

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Cha Medical Gruop(representative: Kwang Yul Cha) Will Bring Hope to Incurable Disease Treatment

College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University(Representative : Kwang Yul Cha M.D) & CHA Medical Group’s biotechnology venture business, CHA Biotech(Board of Director: Kwang Yul Cha) was established for the development of cell therapy using stem cell that is so-called the “Flower of the Medical Science” in September 2000. CHA Biotec, led by Kwang Yul Cha, is now promoting to form large-scale stem cell institute in both U.S and Korea by building CHA Medical Stem Cell Institute organized of 180 professionals focusing on stem cell treatment and cord blood deposit and transplantation. CHA Medical Group led by Kwang Yul Cha M.D will start constructing ‘CHA Institute’ in 2009 at Pangyo Techno Valley and it is scheduled to open in 2010.

‘CHA Group Stem Cell Institute’ has not only research facilities such as stem cell institute, GMP grade sterile culture room which can make the medicines, cord blood bank, immunity vaccine institute, artificial internal organ institute but also life science school, medical school to train professionals. After Stem cell institute is completed, it will be equipped with Lab to Patient System which can pursue clinical demonstration at Bundang CHA Hospital immediately from latest research. And it is expected to joint research with the world’s leading research institute in the stem cell institute. They planned to promote cooperating with the world’s famous stem cell institute such as UCLA(University of California at Los Angeles), Columbia University, Alabama State University , Rice University, University of Southern California, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Harvard University McLean Hospital etc.

And few months ago, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University (representative: Kwang Yul Cha M.D) held “The 5th Pacific Rim Society for Fertility and Sterility” in Dynasty Hall, Seoul Shilla Hotel from June 9th~10th to conquer the low birth late, inviting the world’s foremost scholars in the field of sterilization and reproductive medicine. ‘The 5th Pacific Rim Society for Fertility and Sterility’ held by CHA Medical Group(Representative : Kwang Yul Cha) is hosted by three leading institute; The Korean Society of Fertility & Sterility, The Korean Society of preservative reproductive medicine, and The Korean Society of Developmetal Biology. Nationally and internationally well-known authorities on the field of Sterilization and reproductive medicine from Korea, United States, and Japan announced their papers and about 500 participants from Thailand, India, Vietnam and Nepal enlighten the conference.

At first day of the conference, representative Cha Kwang Yul read the paper ‘Slush Nitrogen Ovum Freezing method’ that received ‘The Best Paper Award’ from ‘World Society for Reproductive Medicine’ and the head manager of Stem Cell Institute, Hyung-Min Jung made presentation over embryonic cell and was greeted enthusiastically by the participants. The survival rate of ovum is about 50 percents when applying the Existing Ovum Freezing Method. On the other hand, Slush-Nitrogen Ovum Freezing Method raise the survival rate to over 90 percents that it initiated the way to activate the ovum bank.

Stem Cell Production Capacity: CHA Medical Group(representative: Kwang Yul Cha) created total 12 Human Embryonic Stem Cell and under the admission of the International Stem Cell Deliberate Council, CHA Medical Group(representative: Kwang Yul Cha) is planning to produce over 100 embryonic stem cell that are able to apply clinical demonstration using human supporting cell, serum and non-serum culture medium at GMP within 10 years.

World known cytogenesis capacity & ability: CHA Medical Group(representative: Kwang Yul Cha) is the first to success in recovering the damage of cranial nerves by transplanting the mice’s embyonic stem cell into alive one’s brain. Developed differentiation technology by using neuron, vascular Endothelial, Cartilage Cell, Endocrine Cell, and Heart muscle cells.

Gene Manipulation in Human embryonic stem cell: By developing technology that can induct specific gene into Human Embryonic Cell CHA Medical Group achieved cytogeny technology in specific cell, Human Embryonic Stem Cell production, medicinal screening method, Tumor Suppressor Technology, and interpreting the function of the specific gene.

Gene Therapy ability: Found cancer cell suppressor protein and enzyme gene called ‘mHAUSP’ that operates the cancer-suppressing activity. Now researches on therapy and clinical test on progressing.

Artificial organ production ability: By Utilizing embryonic stem call and adult stem cell developed biodegradable tissue, instestine and Scaffold, Researches on three-dimensional artificial tissue and intestine production is in advance.

Leading the Cell Therapy Product market using stem cell: If applied-technology such as cytogenesis and cell therapy utilizing embryonic stem cell is practically use, size of over 600 billion won market will be created. To treat specific diseases(Leukemia, Diabetes, urinary incontinece, stroke) cell differentiation inducement and establishing stem cell lines bank using Embryonic Stem Cell and Adult Stem Cell is promoted.

Researches on Sterility & Stem Cell Security is guaranteed by running ‘Human Ovum Freezing Bank: ‘Slushed-Nitrogen Ovum Freezing Method’ has survival rate over 90 percents and pregnancy rate is over 65%, too. The method described above is known as world’s best technology that has similar reproduction ability to general ovum. CHA Biotech (Board of Director:Kwang Yul Cha) became the leader of this field by steadily executing safe and moral stem cell and medical treatment on sterility by running freezing bank.

CHA Regenerative Medical Institute, awarded the grant “Patient-Specific Stem Cell Production”: Awarded the grant related to patient-specific stem cell production using somac cell reproduction from WIRB in June, 2006. Using Human ovum Freezing Bank, developing patient-specific stem cell production and treatment technology is their aim.

==Who is ”Kwang-Yul Cha”?==

Kwang Yul Cha is certified Obstetrics and Gynecology by College of Medicine, Yonsei University-Board. He is the president of Infertility Medical Center, CHA General Hospital, Chancellor of the College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University and Professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. College of Medicine, Columbia University. Kwang Yul Cha Published over 100 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

※About Kwang Yul Cha, MD, PhD

-MD, Yonsei University School of Medicine

-PhD, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine

-Reproductive Endocrinology Specialist

-Fellowship, USC

-Visiting Professor, Columbia University School of Medicine

-Chancellor, Pochon CHA University (present)

-CEO, CHA HEALTH SYSTEMS, Inc. (present)

-Chairman, Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center (present)

-Director, CHA RMI (present)

-Co-Director, CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University College of Medicine (present)

-80 international papers and 200domestic papers, 15 books, 3 patents

The Nursing Career

Nursing is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families and communities in attaining, re-attaining and maintaining optimal health and functioning. Modern definitions of nursing define it as a science and an art that focuses on promoting quality of life as defined by persons and families, throughout their life experiences from birth to care at the end of life.

In pre-modern times, nuns and the military often provided nursing services. The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today. For example, in Britain, senior female nurses are known as “Sisters”. In recent times in the US and Canada many nurses are flowing back into working in a “religious” field through “Parish Nursing”. These nurses work within a church community to perform health education, counseling, provide referrals to community support agencies, and connect volunteers from the church community with those in need of assistance.

Nurses acknowledge that the nursing profession is an essential part of the society from which it has grown. The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. The practice of nursing involves altruistic behavior, is guided by nursing research and is governed by a code of ethics.

Nursing continues to develop a wide body of knowledge and associated skills. There are a number of educational paths to becoming a professional nurse but all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice and training in clinical skills.

In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law and entrance to the profession is regulated by national, state, or territorial boards of nursing.

The American Nurses’ Association (1980) has defined nursing as “the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.” Just as medical diagnoses help in the planning, implementing, and evaluation of medical care, Nursing diagnoses help in the planning, implementing, and evaluation of nursing care.

Like other maturing disciplines, nursing has developed different theories that are aligned with diverging philosophical beliefs and paradigms or worldviews. Nursing theories help nurses to direct their activities in order to accomplish specific goals with people. Nursing is a knowledge based discipline committed to the betterment of humankind. Nursing has not only developed into a profession, but an art as well.

Nursing is the most diverse of all healthcare professions. It is a universal role appearing in some form in every culture.

Nursing may be divided into different specialties or classifications. In the U.S., there are a large number of specialties within nursing. Professional organizations or certifying boards issue voluntary certification in many of these areas.

These specialties encompass care throughout the human lifespan based upon patient needs. Many nurses who choose a specialty become certified in that area, signifying that they possess expert knowledge of the specialty. There are over 200 nursing specialties and sub-specialties. Certified nurses often earn a salary differential over their non-certified colleagues, and studies from the Institute of Medicine have demonstrated that specialty certified nurses have higher rates of patient satisfaction, as well as lower rates of work-related errors in patient care.

Nurses practice in a wide range of settings from hospitals to visiting people in their homes and caring for them in schools to research in pharmaceutical companies. Nurses work in occupational health settings (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-run clinics, long-term care facilities, and camps. Nurses work on cruise ships and in military service. They act as advisors and consultants to the healthcare and insurance industries. Some nurses are attorneys and others work with attorneys as legal nurse consultants, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. In many cities, nurses can even enter their names in a “registry” and work a wide variety of temporary jobs.

In the modern world, there are a large number of specialities within nursing:
Ambulatory care nursing
Advanced practice nursing
Behavioral health nursing
Camp nursing
Cardiac nursing
Cardiac catheter laboratory nursing
Case management
Clinical nurse specialist
Clinical research nurse
Community health nursing
Correctional nursing
Critical care nursing
Developmental disabilities nursing
District nursing
Emergency nursing
Environmental Health nursing
Flight nursing
Forensic nursing
Gastroenterology nursing
Genetics nursing
Geriatric nursing
Health visiting
Hematology oncology nursing
HIV/AIDS nursing
Home health nursing
Hospice nursing
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Nursing
Intavenous therapy nursing
Infectious disease nursing
Legal nursing
Legal Nurse Investigator
Maternal-child nursing
Medical-surgical nursing
Military and uniformed services nursing, including Public Health Service
Neonatal nursing
Neuro-surgical nursing
Nurse anesthetist
Nurse-midwife
Nurse practitioner
Nursing educator
Nursing informatics
Nursing management
Obstetrics gynecology nursing
Occupational health nursing
Oncology nursing
Operating room nursing
Orthopaedic nursing
Ostomy nursing
Pain management and palliative care nursing
Pediatric nursing
Perianesthesia nursing
Perioperative nursing
Plastic and reconstructive surgical nursing
Private duty nursing
Psychiatric or mental health nursing
Public health
Pulmonary nursing
Quality improvement
Radiology nursing
Rehabilitation nursing
Renal dialysis nursing
Renal nursing
Research
School nursing
Sub-acute nursing
Substance abuse nursing
Tele-medicine nursing
Telemetry nursing
Telephone triage nursing
Transplantation nursing
Travel nursing
Urology nursing
Utilization management
Wound care
Professional organizations or certifying boards issue voluntary certification in many of these specialties.

Nursing assistant skills are the set of learned tasks used in helping residents or patients with activities of daily living (ADLs) and providing bedside care—including basic nursing procedures—under the supervision of a Registered Nurse (RN) or Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN).

In today’s hospitals and extended care facillities a nurse assistant is an important part of a healthcare team that includes many personnel outside of nurses. In the quest to make a profit from providing care many hospitals in the United States have reduced their nurse to patient ratios, requiring one nurse to take care of as many as twelve or fourteen patients at a time. In order for good care to be provided to those patients a nurse assistant is needed to provide the routine care so that the nurse can focus on tasks only he/she can do, such as care plans, nursing assessments, administering medication, and assist in surgery room preparation. The nurse assistant must not only be very skilled in the actual procedures being performed but must also be able to make quick observations of a patient’s condition and report that information back to the nurse. Since the nurse cannot spend large amounts of time in the room with the patient, the nurse assistant is known as the nurse’s “eyes and ears”.

A nurse assistant must also have a strong grasp of emergency procedures and be able to stay calm in stressful situations. They must be able to initiate a Code Blue and be well-drilled in CPR.

Air Ambulance India,Air Medevac Services,Aeromedical Evacuation Service Providers

TheAirAmbulanceIndia.com – offers best Air ambulance service from last two decades. Air ambulance service sometimes called Aeromedical Evacuation or simply Medevac is provided by a variety of different sources, in different places in the world. TheAirAmbulanceIndia.com provides different types of ambulance services like Fixed wing ambulances, rotary wings ambulances, road ambulances, and rail ambulance services. TheAirAmbulanceIndia.com is useing different types of aircrafts for Air Ambulance services, including rotary-wing, fixed-wing, or very large aircraft Air Ambulances. We are best in air ambulance emergency service providers. We also provide Private Aircraft Charters Air Ambulances and non emergency air ambulance services on a paid basis.

Equipments in our Air Ambulances, Road Ambulances, Rail Ambulances :

We are providing pre hospital trauma care for patients in Our Emergency Medical Ambulances. All our Ambulances are equiped with advanced life support devices having ProPac 106EL, ECG Monitor, Pulse Oximeter, Syringe Pump, Defibrillator, Fully equipped Vickers Incubator and in built ventilator, Adult and Child Transport Ventilator (Oxylog 2000), Advanced Airway Management, Comprehensive range of I.V. Fluids, Emergency and CPR Drugs, Obstetric Pack, Burns Kit, The latest spinal immobilization and movement equipment, etc.

For More details about Medical Services & Medical Tourism in India Please Visit Our Partnet Sites

http://www.globalhealinc.com
GlobalHealInc is a indian medical tourism facilitator provide affordable surgery treatments & medical health care travel tour packages in India.

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ArabhAir.com offers best charter aircraft provider in india with safe and fast air ambulance services by medical aircrafts from India

http://www.globalmedicure.com
Medical Tourism or health tourism in india is a growing concept whereby people visit India for their medical consultation, surgery, medication treatments from all over the world.

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Need Travel Assistance in India? Travel with experts for unforgettable tigers watching safaris, adventure jungle walks, and beautiful indian beaches holidays in india with high quality service at low prices! send us your travels & tours plan & get free customized luxury & budget itineraries.

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Explore Incredible India with Experts & Local Guides! Forget all hassles of trip planning Get perfect itinerary suggestion. Visit & ask now for Special Price Offers! AllIndiaTourism.co.uk offers Affordable, perfect travel suggestions for your Customized Tour Packages, Tailor-Made Trips & Guided Travel Packages to India.

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Travelers Choice India, is one of the renowned & popular Indian Tour operators, gives you best options of travelling your own way. We provide Travel Options for Tourists visiting India first time with your choice!

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India Car Rentals – offer all types of Cars on rent services in India with Taxi Cab Airport Transfers.

Women’s Health – How to choose the right OBGYN?

Choosing the right doctor can be a complicated process. It is important to research your options before making your final choice. Many people begin by asking their friends, family, or coworkers. Recommendations from people that you trust could be a good beginning, but those recommendations should also take into consideration any specific health concerns or needs you might have. You should also be sure that any doctors you are considering are board certified in both obstetrics and gynecology.

Once you’ve begun a list of potential doctors, you should also consider your insurance coverage. It is important to be sure your provider will cover the claims submitted by your doctor. Many insurance companies offer a list of doctors covered within their plan, and this list can help you to further narrow your own choices. If your search is for a specialist like an OB/GYN it will be even more important to confirm insurance coverage. If your insurance restrictions negate the recommendations you’ve received, you should ask your current healthcare providers for their opinions concerning doctors covered by your insurance.

A final list of potential doctors should take into consideration your personal concerns or preferences. Consider whether you would prefer a doctor of a particular gender, background, or age. Many women would be most comfortable with a female OB/GYN. You should also be sure to research any special needs you might have. Women with medical difficulties, high risk pregnancies or a family history of any of the above should look for physicians with the appropriate credentials to address their particular needs. Especially during a pregnancy, you will be seeing your OB/GYN on a regular basis.

You should think about logistics like distance, traffic, and office hours to be sure that the office will be amenable to your needs. Smaller concerns may include the cleanliness of the office, the kindness of the receptionists, and the comfort of the waiting room. Most offices offer reasonably comfortable areas complete with reading materials, and some even offer small play areas for women who may have children accompanying them to appointments. If you think you will need to bring children to your appointments, you should specifically ask about the office policy, as some offices do not allow children into exam rooms without another adult to supervise them.

Many doctors will allow you to schedule a consultation visit in order to meet face-to-face and discuss your major concerns. An in-person meeting should be the final step to choosing the right OB/GYN.

Just like any other relationship, you should feel comfortable and relaxed with your OB/GYN. Your doctor should encourage you to ask questions and should be your partner in maintaining your best health.

The initial phone call to schedule this appointment may also be an important tool, because the attitudes of the staff may be enough to add or subtract a potential doctor from your list of considerations. The size of the practice may also have an effect on your final decision. Many OB/GYN offices are quite large, and there is no way to guarantee you will be able to see the same doctor every time. If this is important to you, you should consider either choosing a small practice or a doctor who guarantees physician visits every time, like this Edwardsville, IL OB/GYN. Advanced scheduling may also help you to secure the best days or times for your needs. Most OB/GYN offices also have affiliations with specific hospitals.

If you have a strong preference for one hospital over another, you should be sure that your chosen practice is affiliated with your preferred hospital. In the event of an emergency, surgery, or the delivery of a baby, you will not be able to see your doctor unless you go to the hospital they work with, so you will want to be as comfortable with the hospital as you are with your choice of doctor. Especially in the case of medical issues or planned pregnancies, you should be sure to ask about cost.

Financial requirements can vary greatly from one office to another, so a patient with monetary concerns should ask for a clear and concise explanation of costs for regular office visits, special visits, and any larger procedures. Pregnant women or those planning to become pregnant should receive a complete breakdown of the cost for visits, medications, necessary testing, and delivery and hospital charges. If you are sure that pregnancy is no longer a concern for you, you may consider choosing a doctor who is solely a gynecologist, and may therefore have fewer patients to see. This can make appointment scheduling easier, and give you more face-to-face time during your office visits.

Your OB/GYN should never make you feel pressured about your own choices. It is important that you choose a doctor who will let you be your own advocate, one who will work with your choices, beliefs, and preferences instead of attempting to impose their own. If you have strong feelings about any particular issues, it is important to discuss them right away with your doctor to be sure you are in agreement. Your OB/GYN should be there to support you and advise you on the best ways to take care of yourself. You should be able to ask sensitive questions, make major decisions, and come to solid conclusions with the support of your doctor.

An OB/GYN is responsible for guiding a woman through some of the most important transitions of her life: menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, menopause. The importance of these transitions can make the process of finding the right provider seem overwhelming, but you should keep in mind that you can always choose another OB/GYN if your original choice turns out to be less than ideal. However, before you move on to another practice, you should discuss your concerns with your current doctor. Sometimes the problem is simply one of communication.

In the end, choosing the right obstetrician and/or gynecologist is an extremely personal choice. Only you can be sure that you’ve made the right decision, and you should trust your instincts when making the final choice.

Midwife,Childbirth, Private Maternity Care,Giving Birth U decide where

Choosing private maternity care or unit to give birth to your newborn baby ?

Worried about which hospital to give birth at ? Shortage of midwives? putting childbirth at risk? we discuss the UK Private Maternity Care and unit options!

Choosing  private maternity care or unit to give birth to your newborn baby ?
With a shortage of midwives and care sometimes compromised in maternity units more and more mums can opt for a private maternity unit to have both antenatal checkups, build relationships with the midwives who will be on duty when your baby is due.Giving you more self choice and putting your mind at ease that the same staff will be there for you until the birth. you have the same continunity of care and in the comfort and privacy of your own private room too if needed.

We look at some of the top uk maternity care and hospitals we recommend you to book in privately with should you and your husband decide it is the best option forward.
First here are some important questions you may want to discuss with your husband or partner before deciding which hospital to contact in the first instance.You may want to copy paste and print out the information too..

1. What are you hoping to get out of a private hospital to give birth to your baby.
2.Locality of the hospital if you want to stay over is it near home or if your partner may be away do you have a friend that can go with you when they are not available.
3.What facilities do they have in place for emergncy baby care or problem pregnancies.
4.Would a Doula not be more suitable to meet your maternity needs.
5.Are any family memebers allowed to visit you at the time of birth .some hospitals are very strict when it comes to visitors, some NHS maternity hositials only offer immediate family visiting  ie your children to visit not your sisters kids or your cousins kids.They do send other family away beware.

THE BIRTH COMPANY
 services offered…modern and spacious clinic in Harley Street, London.
Pregnancy Care
Ultrasound Baby Scans
Gynaecology Care
Cervical Suture
packages are designed to provide complete care to the highest standard, in professional yet comfortable and relaxed surroundings.
The birth Company offer two main options of care: the Consultant package and the Integrated package. You can start your pregnancy care  at any stage of your pregnancy. Please note that they also offer antenatal care for women who plan to have their baby delivered in other hospitals, including hospitals abroad.Current tel number is London W1G 6BF
Phone: 020 7725 0528
THE PORTLAND HOSPITAL LONDON
NEW EXTENSIVE SERVICES OFFERED HIGHLY RECOMENDED.5**** BY CHEEKY CHUMS

Treatment and Care
Our staff are often commended on their professional yet friendly approach. All staff  do everything they can to make your visit as comfortable as possible.they ensure a high ratio of nursing staff per patient with an average of three to four patients to one nurse/midwife. This ratio is increased to one to one care in critical areas such as the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and Labour Ward.
Patient Safety and Emergency Care.
Patient safety is priority. The Portland Hospital has specialists and facilities on hand should an emergency arise. In these circumstances you or your child will be cared for by senior doctors such as Consultant Obstetricians, Gynaecologists or Paediatricians, Resident Consultant Anaesthetists, Resident Medical Officers (RMO’s) and experienced nursing staff in the facility appropriate to the care required.
These facilities include a dedicated emergency obstetric theatre, NICU, a Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) and an adult High Dependency Unit (HDU).
All staff have training in emergency procedures. All clinical staff have been trained in basic life support skills. Many also have skills in intermediate and advanced life support, paediatric advanced life support and newborn life support.
The Portland Hospital’s Maternity Unit incorporates 5 delivery suites on the dedicated labour ward and 30 en-suite bedrooms across the two postnatal floors including 21 single bedrooms, 3 double bedded rooms, 2 deluxe rooms and 4 suites. In addition, two nurseries are available to provide assistance and advice in caring for your baby. Unmatched by other private units, our maternity service is complemented by the full resource of our children’s hospital including a special care baby unit and neonatal intensive care for babies born over 32 weeks gestation.
Both Consultant led and Midwife led care is available dependent on your individual birthing requirements. Once your baby is born we offer evidence based advice on feeding and caring for your newborn, postnatal exercises and paediatric services such as newborn hearing tests, in addition to daily visits from a paediatrician.
Midwife Led Delivery Service is a dynamic service provided by a small team of friendly and committed midwives offering a welcoming and relaxed environment for women with uncomplicated pregnancies.
The team provides care with support from leading Consultant Obstetricians, Sonographers and Physiotherapists. It offers the opportunity to get to know the Midwives caring for you in your pregnancy and labour, and for them to get to know you. The package of care is inclusive of routine ultrasound scans, antenatal care and delivery by team members who also visit during the postnatal hospital period. The package is based on use of a standard room, midwifery care and a 48 hour hospital stay from the time of admission.
Midwifery Support Clinic
The Midwifery Support Clinic is available for consultations during the antenatal period and for new mothers up to 28 days post delivery.
The clinic offers one-to-one midwifery advice and support for all areas of concern including lifestyle changes, breast feeding and baby’s health checks. Appointments can be booked by contacting the midwives on 020 7390 6318 and are charged at £80 per half hour consultation.current  tel 020 7580 4400
THE KNUTSFORD SUITE
Private postnatal care at the Knutsford Suite covering Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire and North
London.
The birth of your baby will take place in the Delivery Suite in Watford General Hospital which delivers more than 5,500 babies a year and aims to provide you with  the very highest standards of care by a highly experienced midwife and obstetric team.

You will be admitted either to the Delivery Suite on the 3rd floor of the Maternity Unit at Watford General or directly to the Knutsford Suite to await transfer. Fully private patients will be cared for by their own consultant and anaesthetist.

For those individuals covered  by their own private medical insurance, or who are self paying, care will be provided by our highly skilled team of NHS midwives, obstetricians and anaesthetists.

After you have recovered from the birth, we will transfer you and your baby to the Knutsford Suite.
NHS Clients are welcome to use the Knutsford Suite for postnatal care on a ‘room only’ basis while continuing to use NHS medical and midwifery care.
Postnatal Care
Congratulations!
On arrival to the Knutsford Suite, you will be cared for by our team of experienced and committed NHS midwives, maternity care assistants and nursery midwives.

Your postnatal care will vary depending on the type of birth you have had, as well as you and your baby’s individual needs. If you have had a caesarean section, your recovery may take a little longer.

The midwives and maternity assistants will support you with the care of your baby, making sure you are well, and helping you with feeding your baby.

Breastfeeding is encouraged, and your choice of feeding your baby is supported. We aim to involve you fully in every aspect of caring for your baby.

National guidance recommends that well babies are not separated from their mothers at any time, and unless medically indicated, your baby will remain with you in your room at all times.

Everyone who visits the Knutsford Suite is treated with kindness, respect and dignity.

Your Baby
All babies will receive a hearing screening test in the room shortly after delivery.

All babies will receive a full examination in the first few days following delivery. This will be undertaken by a paediatrician or an appropriately trained midwife. During this examination, you will have the opportunity to discuss your baby’s health and future development.

Alternatively, staff  can arrange for a consultant paediatrician to examine your baby for which there would be an additional private fee paid directly to the consultant.

Going Home
Staff will make arrangements for your community midwife to visit you when you get home from hospital. The midwife should visit you on the day after you are discharged home and will plan how often she visits you after this time. If the community midwife does not visit, or if you are concerned about your baby’s health in any way, please contact the unit immediately.

While you are in hospital, Staff give you information to enable you to look after yourself and more importantly how to recognise and respond to problems.

You will also be offered information and advice to enable you to:

Assess your baby’s general condition
Identify signs and symptoms of common health problems
Contact a healthcare professional or emergency service.
 
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